Online final exam
16.Review signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI). Review causes of AKI including prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal. Know examples of each type of injury. Prerenal injury is anything that impacts blood flow to the kidney.
Examples of causes of damage due to prerenal injury is hypotension, hypovolemia, heart failure, renal artery obstruction, fever, vomiting, burns and drugs. Intrinsic or Inter renal damage is within the kidney, example tumors, inflammation in the kidneys, chemotherapy or contrast media. Post renal kidney injury is any that impacts the urine flow outside the kidney, example stones, ureter and tumor.
17.What is compartment syndrome? Why does it occur and what are the signs? Remember the 5 P’s Dangerous complication of soft-tissue injury-results from swelling of injured tissue within a restrictive fascia- swelling in tissue and tingling effect are the signs. Five P’s: Pain out of proportion to the injury, paralysis, paresthesia, pallor, and pulselessness.
18.What are pressure ulcers? How are the staged and how can we prevent them? Ulcers caused due to unequal load of pressure on a particular bony part. Stage I-Intact skin with nonblanchable redness Stage II-Partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis, dermis, or both Stage III-Full-thickness tissue loss with visible fat Stage IV-Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon
First-degree burn: affects only the epidermis and cause pain, erythema, and edema Second-degree burn: affects the epidermis and dermis and cause pain, erythema, edema, and blistering Third-degree burn: extends into deeper tissues and cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb
19.What are electrolyte reservoirs? What electrolytes are found stored in bones? These reservoirs are back ups or storage of electrolytes. They are used when the body is in short of the electrolyte. Ca, Mg, Phosphorus are found in the bones
20.Review diseases of the bone including: osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma, osteomalacia, rickets, and osteoporosis Osteomyelitis- infection in bone after bone break through skin or surgeries or bacteria. Osteosarcoma- cancer in bones osteomalacia, rickets, – adults and children- deficient of calcium and vitamin D causing weakening of bones. Osteoporosis- increased bone breakdown with little bone building- lack of estrogen in women after menopause causes it.