Online final exam
b. Intracranial pressure leads to impaired neurological functions due to compression of brain tissue; Inability of the cranium to expand in adults bones of skull fused in adulthood; reduced blood flow to the brain from increased pressure
30. What are signs of increased ICP? a. Headache, vomiting, and altered level of consciousness blurry vision, changes in pupil responsiveness, altered respiratory patterns and unresponsive to stimulation, unable to move, verbalize, or open the eyes
31. Review the Glasgow coma scale, what is it used to assess? a. assesses LOC in acutely brain-injured persons, arousal-directed responses of eye opening, verbal utterances, and motor reactions
32. Review the different types of stroke: ischemic versus hemorrhagic. How is a stroke diagnosed?
a. ischemic- blockage within cerebral arteries in the brain, treated with tPA i. thrombotic stroke- associated with atherosclerosis and coagulopathies ii. embolic stokes- associated with cardiac dysfunction or a fib
b. hemorrhagic- bleed on the brain, usually occurs due to severe chronic hypertension, head trauma, aneurysm
33. Review the difference between meningitis versus encephalitis
a. Meningitis- inflammation of the meninges (bacterial or viral)
b. Encephalitis- inflammation of the brain
34. Review the different types of seizures. How are seizures diagnosed?
a. Generalized- whole brain surface is affected
b. Focal- abnormal electrical activity to one brain hemisphere
c. Status epilepticus- continuing series of seizures without a recovery period btw episodes
d. Diagnosed by an EEG (electroencephalogram)
35. Review the etiology of cerebral palsy. Is cerebral palsy reversible?
a. infection, trauma to the head before, during, or after birth, decreased oxygen,
b. irreversible
36. What causes Parkinson’s disease? What does this condition affect?
a. caused by a loss of dopamine. Affects motor function and leads to pill rolling movements, absent arm swing, tremors, slow muscle movement., loss of facial expression
37. What are the major mechanisms of spinal cord injury? How do we treat if we suspect someone has a spinal cord injury?
a. hyperflexion, hyperextension, compression
b. stabilization or vertebrae, prevent drastic movements, keep neck midline,
38. What happens with oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and lung with hypoventilation? Hyperventilation?
a. hypoventilation- low oxygen, inability to move oxygen into lungs, and increased levels of CO2.
b. hyperventilation- exhaling CO2 quickly at a rate faster than the body can produce, so CO2 decreases
39. Be able to identify normal versus abnormal ABG values and example of causes for metabolic acidosis/alkalosis, respiratory acidosis/alkalosis.
40. What is the normal pH range of blood? CO2? HCO3? a. CO2- 35-45 b. HCO3- 22-26 c. Metabolic acidosis caused by DKA, kidney failure, diarrhea, ASA d. Metabolic alkalosis- vomiting e. respiratory acidosis- COPD, asthma exacerbation, f. respiratory alkalosis- fever, anxiety (hyperventilation)
41. Review conditions that affect the lungs such as: asthma (extrinsic, intrinsic, exercise-induced), mycobacterium tuberculosis, COPD, cystic fibrosis, ARDS, pneumonia a. asthma- wheezing, constriction of airway, tight chest i. extrinsic- mold, pollen, allergen