Online final exam
ARDS- damage to the alveolar- capillary membrane. Lungs fill with fluid, pulmonary edema. Shortness of breath, hypoxemia, frothy sputum. High level of CO2. pH is going low- acidosis. Pneumonia- fluid in lungs and fluid is thick and hard to move out of longs. Elderly are at increased risk or pneumonia, sedentary and immunocompromised and no gag reflux are prone to pneumonia.
43.What are signs of ARDS?
44.What is a tension pneumothorax, how is it treated? Accumulation of air in the pleural spaces. Cause- air compressed the lungs or heart due to puncture wound, stab wound, gun wound, surgery in the chest wall. Cover the hole and use chest tube to pull the air out.
45.What is Virchow’s Triade? How do these factors increase a patient’s risk for developing a pulmonary embolus? Virchow’s triad – factors causing thromboemboli formation include: a. Venous stasis/sluggish blood flow b. Hypercoagulability c. Damage to the venous wall (intimal injury) Common risk factors – immobility, trauma, pregnancy, cancer, heart failure, and estrogen use
46.What are different causes/types of emboli? Types of emboli include: blood clot, fat emboli, amniotic fluid with debris, air, tumor, foreign bodies, parasites
47.What are causes of anemia? Complications of anemia? Goal in treatment? Reduced number of red blood cells-Can be the result of blood loss (hemorrhagic anemia), hemolysis, bone marrow failure (aplastic anemia), renal failure (decreased erythropoietin from kidneys) Low hemoglobin levels-Can be caused by nutritional deficiency as in iron-deficient anemia or pernicious anemia (result of vitamin B12 deficiency) Abnormal hemoglobin- Example — sickle cell anemia Complication- kidney failure, fatigue, hypoxemia, pale, feels cold and reduced metabolic actives, delayed wound healing. Goal in treatment- give oxygen, increase RBC and oxygen carrying capacity.
48.Review the following conditions of the blood including causes: polycythemia, thrombocytopenia, disseminating intravascular coagulation (DIC). How do we treat DIC? Polycythemia- abnormal excess of erythrocytes leading to increased blood viscosity