Label the following on this single
stranded DNA molecule:
Phosphodiester bond
Deoxyribose sugar
iii. Nitrogenous bases
5’ end
3’ end
B What type of interaction will the
bases of this strand have with a
complementary strand of DNA?
Which of the sequences (A-D) are complementary to the
target sequence?
QUESTION 2
Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).
List the events that need to occur for this gene to be used to make
a protein. Your list should should be as detailed as you can make it
based on what you recall about how genes are expressed to make
proteins.
QUESTION 8
Transcription
start site
QUESTION 3
Translation stop site
Transcription
stop site
Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).
.
A represents a single base
-pair substitution mutation. This mutation will:
MUTATION A:
Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
No change to RNA or protein sequence
Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence
QUESTION 8
Transcription
start site
QUESTION 4
Translation stop site
A
Transcription
stop site
Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).
.
B represents a 10 base
-pair deletion mutation. This mutation will:
MUTATION B:
Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
No change to RNA or protein sequence
Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence
QUESTION 8
Transcription
start site
QUESTION 5
Translation stop site
B
Transcription
stop site
Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).
.
C represents a 3 base
-pair insertion mutation. This mutation will:
MUTATION C:
Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
No change to RNA or protein sequence
Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence
QUESTION 8
Transcription
start site
QUESTION 6
Translation stop site
C
Transcription
stop site
A double stranded sequence of DNA is shown below.
5’ GGGTATCCC 3’
3’ CCCATAGGG 5’
Note: “transcribed” below is referring to the direction that the RNA polymerase is moving*
Hypothetically, if either strand could be transcribed, we state that:
The two DNA strands are transcribed from left to right
The two DNA strands are transcribed from right to left
Transcription of the upper DNA strand will go from left to right and the lower DNA strand is
transcribed from right to left
The direction of transcription depends on which strand DNA polymerase binds to
Transcription of the upper DNA strand will go from right to left and the lower DNA strand is
transcribed from left to right
QUESTION 7
The protein thorain is encoded by the gene thrL, and thorain
is a negative regulator of the thrMN operon. Assume there is
no other regulation taking place. Predict the phenotype of a
thrL- mutant that encodes a nonfunctional thrL protein.
The thrM and thrN genes would be transcribed at higher
levels compared to non-mutant
The thrM and thrN genes would be transcribed all lower
levels compared to non-mutant
The thrM and thrN genes would not be transcribed
QUESTION 8
The TreL gene is normally transcribed in skin cells, but
not in muscle cells. This difference could be because
(select any/all that apply):
A transcription factor that activates TreL expression in
skin cells is absent in muscle cells.
The sequence of DNA bases within the TreL promoter
is different in skin and muscle cells.
The coding sequence of the gene is mutated in
muscle cells but not skin cells.
The TreL gene is found within the genome of skin
cells, but not within the genome of muscle cells.
QUESTION 9
A deletion mutation removes the start codon of a gene.
Which of the following processes will subsequently be
affected?
Transcription will not occur (the mRNA will not be
produced)
Translation will not occur (the protein will not be
produced)
DNA replication
DNA replication and transcription
DNA replication, transcription, and translation
QUESTION 10
During translation, the tRNA molecule carrying the correct
amino acid corresponding to its anticodon sequence must
base
-pair with the codon of the mRNA. What would happen
in the case where the wrong anticodon successfully binds to a
codon?
A wrong amino acid will be added to the protein
The amino acid will not be added to the protein
No protein would be made
The protein would still be made, but at lower levels
The protein would be unaffected
QUESTION 11
Suppose that a single DNA base change of an A to a T occurs and
is copied during replication. Is this change necessarily a
mutation?
Yes, if the base change occurs in a gamete (sperm or egg cell);
otherwise no.
Yes, if the base change occurs in the coding part of a gene;
otherwise no.
Yes, if the base change occurs in the coding part of a gene and
alters the amino acid sequence of a protein; otherwise no.
Yes, if the base change alters the appearance of the organism
(phenotype); otherwise no.
Yes, it is a change in the DNA sequence.
QUESTION 12
Which of the following DNA mutations is the most likely to result
in a shorter than normal mRNA
?
A substitution mutation at position 50 resulting in no
change in the amino acid sequence
A substitution mutation at position 53 resulting in the UGA
stop codon
A substitution mutation at position 58 resulting in an amino
acid substitution
All of the above.
None of the above.
Below is an mRNA sequence of a gene. The first triplet of nucleotides
AAU (underlined) is in frame for coding, and encodes Asparagine.
50 53 58
5’
—AAU GAA UGG GAG CCU GAA GGA G
–3’
QUESTION 13
Match the enzyme to the process:
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
DNA Ligase
Endonuclease
Cutting the phosphodiester
backbone of DNA
Synthesizing a DNA molecule from
a DNA template
Synthesizing an RNA molecule
from a DNA template
Synthesizing a DNA molecule from
an RNA template
Synthesizes an RNA molecule from
an RNA template
Catalyzes the formation of a
phosphodiester bond
QUESTION 14
Because DNA polymerase must add new nucleotides to a
3’OH, what is required for DNA replication to occur?
Ligase
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Endonuclease
A primer
QUESTION 15
Below is the double-stranded DNA sequence for a hypothetical and
very tiny gene. The promoter is coloured in yellow. The transcription
start site is indicated by the bent arrow. The DNA sequence coding for
the start codon is bolded.
After the start codon, what is the amino acid
sequence of the resulting protein?
A condensed codon table is provided.
Glutamine-Serine
Valine-Arginine
Glycine-Leucine
Proline-Aspartate
5 ’- CTATAAAGAGCCATGCAGTCC -3 ’
3 ’- GATATTTCTCGGTACGTCAGG -5 ’
QUESTION 16
You have identified a previously unknown human gene that appears to
have a role in cell division. It is similar enough in DNA sequence to a
known yeast gene, cdc2, that you believe the two genes may be
evolutionarily related. You determine and compare the DNA sequences,
the predicted mRNA sequences, and the predicted amino acid
sequences corresponding to the two genes. From these comparisons,
you would expect to find the greatest sequence similarity between the
human and yeast:
DNA sequences.
amino acid sequences.
mRNA sequences.
All three comparisons are likely to show the same degree of
sequence similarity.
QUESTION 17
A haploid species has a gene on chromosome 2 which
codes for lactase. In nature, four different alleles of the
lactase gene have been identified. How many different
alleles could you find in the genome of a single individual
of this species?
A.
1
B.
2
C.
3
D.
4
More than 4
QUESTION 18
QUESTION 19
Rainbow Trout are known to grow rapidly in 14°C water but you
want to know whether they could be efficiently farmed in other
temperatures. So, as a fisheries biologist, you ask whether
differences in water temperature affect growth (weight gain).
Over 8 months, you will test 50 fish in 8°C, 14°C, and room
temperature water, in a controlled laboratory setting.
Which of the following represents the control group/groups in
this experiment?
The 8°C water temperature group
The 14°C water temperature group
Both the 8°C and 14°C water temperature treatment groups
The room temperature water group
Both the 14°C and the room temperature groups
How many of the following four potential hypotheses can be tested in this
experiment?
H1: Varying water temperature will have no effect on trout growth
H2: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth
H3: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth, such that
trout will gain more weight in warmer temperatures compared to colder ones
H4: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth, such that
trout will only gain more weight in the warmest temperature compared to the
very coldest one
You can only test two of these hypotheses
You can only test three of these hypotheses (H1 and H2, as well as H3 or
H4)
You can only test three of these hypotheses (H1 or H2, as well as H3 and
H4)
You can test all four of these hypotheses
QUESTION 20
Which pair of dotplots provides the strongest statistical
evidence that the Training group ran faster (small times), on
average, than the No Training group?
QUESTION 21
A B
C D
QUESTION 22
A particular growth factor can stimulate many
types of cells to undergo cell division. A potential
inhibitor of this growth factor is tested on cultures
of epithelial cells grown in vitro. Culture dishes of
epithelial cells are treated with different
experimental conditions for two days and the
amount of cell division is assessed by counting the
number of cells in each dish (all dishes started with
same number of cells).
1 – growth medium alone (no additions)
2 – medium plus 100 ng/ml growth factor
3 – medium plus 10 µg/ml inhibitor
4 – medium plus 100 ng/ml growth factor and 10
µg/ml inhibitor
Which claim is supported by the results of the experiment?
The inhibitor does not block growth stimulation via the growth factor
The inhibitor blocks growth stimulation via the growth factor
The inhibitor partially blocks growth stimulation via the growth factor
We cannot determine if the inhibitor blocks growth stimulation via the growth
factor
Explain in two-three sentences the reason for your choice
Label the following on this single
–
stranded DNA molecule:
Phosphodiester bond
Deoxyribose sugar
iii. Nitrogenous bases
5’ end
3’ end
B What type of interaction will the
bases of this strand have with a
complementary strand of DNA?
Which of the sequences (A-D) are complementary to the
target sequence?
QUESTION 2
Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).
List the events that need to occur for this gene to be used to make
a protein. Your list should should be as detailed as you can make it
based on what you recall about how genes are expressed to make
proteins.
QUESTION 8
Transcription
start site
QUESTION 3
Translation stop site
Transcription
stop site
Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).
.
A represents a single base
-pair substitution mutation. This mutation will:
MUTATION A:
Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
No change to RNA or protein sequence
Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence
QUESTION 8
Transcription
start site
QUESTION 4
Translation stop site
A
Transcription
stop site
Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).
.
B represents a 10 base
-pair deletion mutation. This mutation will:
MUTATION B:
Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
No change to RNA or protein sequence
Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence
QUESTION 8
Transcription
start site
QUESTION 5
Translation stop site
B
Transcription
stop site
Below is a generic gene structure FROM A EUKARYOTE (not bacteria).
.
C represents a 3 base
-pair insertion mutation. This mutation will:
MUTATION C:
Change the RNA sequence and could change the protein sequence
No change to RNA or protein sequence
Change RNA sequence but not change the protein sequence
No change to RNA sequence but could change protein sequence
QUESTION 8
Transcription
start site
QUESTION 6
Translation stop site
C
Transcription
stop site
A double stranded sequence of DNA is shown below.
5’ GGGTATCCC 3’
3’ CCCATAGGG 5’
Note: “transcribed” below is referring to the direction that the RNA polymerase is moving*
Hypothetically, if either strand could be transcribed, we state that:
The two DNA strands are transcribed from left to right
The two DNA strands are transcribed from right to left
Transcription of the upper DNA strand will go from left to right and the lower DNA strand is
transcribed from right to left
The direction of transcription depends on which strand DNA polymerase binds to
Transcription of the upper DNA strand will go from right to left and the lower DNA strand is
transcribed from left to right
QUESTION 7
The protein thorain is encoded by the gene thrL, and thorain
is a negative regulator of the thrMN operon. Assume there is
no other regulation taking place. Predict the phenotype of a
thrL- mutant that encodes a nonfunctional thrL protein.
The thrM and thrN genes would be transcribed at higher
levels compared to non-mutant
The thrM and thrN genes would be transcribed all lower
levels compared to non-mutant
The thrM and thrN genes would not be transcribed
QUESTION 8
The TreL gene is normally transcribed in skin cells, but
not in muscle cells. This difference could be because
(select any/all that apply):
A transcription factor that activates TreL expression in
skin cells is absent in muscle cells.
The sequence of DNA bases within the TreL promoter
is different in skin and muscle cells.
The coding sequence of the gene is mutated in
muscle cells but not skin cells.
The TreL gene is found within the genome of skin
cells, but not within the genome of muscle cells.
QUESTION 9
A deletion mutation removes the start codon of a gene.
Which of the following processes will subsequently be
affected?
Transcription will not occur (the mRNA will not be
produced)
Translation will not occur (the protein will not be
produced)
DNA replication
DNA replication and transcription
DNA replication, transcription, and translation
QUESTION 10
During translation, the tRNA molecule carrying the correct
amino acid corresponding to its anticodon sequence must
base
-pair with the codon of the mRNA. What would happen
in the case where the wrong anticodon successfully binds to a
codon?
A wrong amino acid will be added to the protein
The amino acid will not be added to the protein
No protein would be made
The protein would still be made, but at lower levels
The protein would be unaffected
QUESTION 11
Suppose that a single DNA base change of an A to a T occurs and
is copied during replication. Is this change necessarily a
mutation?
Yes, if the base change occurs in a gamete (sperm or egg cell);
otherwise no.
Yes, if the base change occurs in the coding part of a gene;
otherwise no.
Yes, if the base change occurs in the coding part of a gene and
alters the amino acid sequence of a protein; otherwise no.
Yes, if the base change alters the appearance of the organism
(phenotype); otherwise no.
Yes, it is a change in the DNA sequence.
QUESTION 12
Which of the following DNA mutations is the most likely to result
in a shorter than normal mRNA
?
A substitution mutation at position 50 resulting in no
change in the amino acid sequence
A substitution mutation at position 53 resulting in the UGA
stop codon
A substitution mutation at position 58 resulting in an amino
acid substitution
All of the above.
None of the above.
Below is an mRNA sequence of a gene. The first triplet of nucleotides
AAU (underlined) is in frame for coding, and encodes Asparagine.
50 53 58
5’
—AAU GAA UGG GAG CCU GAA GGA G
–3’
QUESTION 13
Match the enzyme to the process:
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
DNA Ligase
Endonuclease
Cutting the phosphodiester
backbone of DNA
Synthesizing a DNA molecule from
a DNA template
Synthesizing an RNA molecule
from a DNA template
Synthesizing a DNA molecule from
an RNA template
Synthesizes an RNA molecule from
an RNA template
Catalyzes the formation of a
phosphodiester bond
QUESTION 14
Because DNA polymerase must add new nucleotides to a
3’OH, what is required for DNA replication to occur?
Ligase
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Endonuclease
A primer
QUESTION 15
Below is the double-stranded DNA sequence for a hypothetical and
very tiny gene. The promoter is coloured in yellow. The transcription
start site is indicated by the bent arrow. The DNA sequence coding for
the start codon is bolded.
After the start codon, what is the amino acid
sequence of the resulting protein?
A condensed codon table is provided.
Glutamine-Serine
Valine-Arginine
Glycine-Leucine
Proline-Aspartate
5 ’- CTATAAAGAGCCATGCAGTCC -3 ’
3 ’- GATATTTCTCGGTACGTCAGG -5 ’
QUESTION 16
You have identified a previously unknown human gene that appears to
have a role in cell division. It is similar enough in DNA sequence to a
known yeast gene, cdc2, that you believe the two genes may be
evolutionarily related. You determine and compare the DNA sequences,
the predicted mRNA sequences, and the predicted amino acid
sequences corresponding to the two genes. From these comparisons,
you would expect to find the greatest sequence similarity between the
human and yeast:
DNA sequences.
amino acid sequences.
mRNA sequences.
All three comparisons are likely to show the same degree of
sequence similarity.
QUESTION 17
A haploid species has a gene on chromosome 2 which
codes for lactase. In nature, four different alleles of the
lactase gene have been identified. How many different
alleles could you find in the genome of a single individual
of this species?
A.
1
B.
2
C.
3
D.
4
More than 4
QUESTION 18
QUESTION 19
Rainbow Trout are known to grow rapidly in 14°C water but you
want to know whether they could be efficiently farmed in other
temperatures. So, as a fisheries biologist, you ask whether
differences in water temperature affect growth (weight gain).
Over 8 months, you will test 50 fish in 8°C, 14°C, and room
temperature water, in a controlled laboratory setting.
Which of the following represents the control group/groups in
this experiment?
The 8°C water temperature group
The 14°C water temperature group
Both the 8°C and 14°C water temperature treatment groups
The room temperature water group
Both the 14°C and the room temperature groups
How many of the following four potential hypotheses can be tested in this
experiment?
H1: Varying water temperature will have no effect on trout growth
H2: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth
H3: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth, such that
trout will gain more weight in warmer temperatures compared to colder ones
H4: Varying water temperature will have an effect on trout growth, such that
trout will only gain more weight in the warmest temperature compared to the
very coldest one
You can only test two of these hypotheses
You can only test three of these hypotheses (H1 and H2, as well as H3 or
H4)
You can only test three of these hypotheses (H1 or H2, as well as H3 and
H4)
You can test all four of these hypotheses
QUESTION 20
Which pair of dotplots provides the strongest statistical
evidence that the Training group ran faster (small times), on
average, than the No Training group?
QUESTION 21
A B
C D
QUESTION 22
A particular growth factor can stimulate many
types of cells to undergo cell division. A potential
inhibitor of this growth factor is tested on cultures
of epithelial cells grown in vitro. Culture dishes of
epithelial cells are treated with different
experimental conditions for two days and the
amount of cell division is assessed by counting the
number of cells in each dish (all dishes started with
same number of cells).
1 – growth medium alone (no additions)
2 – medium plus 100 ng/ml growth factor
3 – medium plus 10 µg/ml inhibitor
4 – medium plus 100 ng/ml growth factor and 10
µg/ml inhibitor
Which claim is supported by the results of the experiment?
The inhibitor does not block growth stimulation via the growth factor
The inhibitor blocks growth stimulation via the growth factor
The inhibitor partially blocks growth stimulation via the growth factor
We cannot determine if the inhibitor blocks growth stimulation via the growth
factor
Explain in two-three sentences the reason for your choice