Describe galactic cosmic rays and how they factor into long-duration human spaceflight (e.g., sending humans to colonize Mars).

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a. Describe Brown Dwarfs what are they, why aren’t they classified as stars, what are the three classifications of them, and where do they fit on the H-R diagram (and indeed, should they even be included in the diagram?).

b. What are “stellar nurseries” and protostars, and what advances have been made in discovering and studying them?

c. Describe galactic cosmic rays and how they factor into long-duration human spaceflight (e.g., sending humans to colonize Mars).