Distinguish among positivism, postpositivism, constructivism, and pragmatism/realism as philosophical underpinnings of a research project.

The Nature and Tools of Research

1 Distinguish between (a) common uses of the term research that reflect misconceptions about what research involves and (b) the true nature of research in academic settings.

2 Describe the cyclical, iterative nature of research, including the steps that a genuine research project involves.

3 Distinguish among positivism, postpositivism, constructivism, and pragmatism/realism as philosophical underpinnings of a research project.

4 Identify examples of how six general research tools can play significant roles in a research project:

(a) the library and its resources,

(b) computer technology,

(c) measurement,

(d) statistics,

(e) language,

(f) the human mind.

5 Describe steps you might take to explore research in your field.