What does the issue of proximate cause boil down to, and why do courts struggle with this concept?

Read chapter 6 of the book: “Tort Law, 6th Edition” (by J. Stanley Edwards).

Link: https://www.cengage.com

Prompt: After reading Chapter 6, answer the following questions:

1. What is the difference between actual cause and proximate cause?

2. What does the issue of proximate cause boil down to, and why do courts struggle with this concept?

3. What are the facts in Palsgraf ?

3a) What was the issue before the court?
3b) What did the majority rule, and why?
3c) Why did the dissent disagree?

Resource:

https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/bluebook-resources/